| | Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Diagnostics Translated and edited by: Joe Hing Kwok Chu (in English and Chinese 中英文） The Eight Outlines 八綱辨證：yin and yang, external and internal, hot and cold, weak and strong. 陰陽，表裡，寒熱，虛 實。 Four clinical diagnostics 四診 | Yin Syndromes 陰證 | Yang Syndromes 陽證 |
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Inspection 望 | Pale or dark complexion, tiredness and likes to lie down, lack of strength, does not like physical activities, fat slippery tongue with oily look. 面色蒼白或暗淡，身重捲臥，倦怠無力，萎靡不振，舌質淡而胖 膩，舌苔潤滑 | Red face, hot body, prefers cool, uneasiness, dry and cracked lips, dark red tongue with yellow fur, or even with cracks, or black and with spurs. 面色潮紅或通紅，身熱，喜涼，狂燥不安，口唇燥裂，舌質紅絳 ，苔色黃或老黃，甚則燥裂，或黑而生芒刺 |
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Listening and Smelling 聞 | Voice is weak, quiet and dislikes talking, weak breathing, short of breath. 語聲低微，靜而少言，呼吸祛弱，氣短。 | Voice is strong and menacing, impatient, talkative, breathing is rough and fast with sound of phlegm, shouting and/or cursing. 語聲壯厲，煩而多言，呼吸氣粗，喘促痰鳴，狂言叫罵 |
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Inquiring 問 | Foul smelling feces, lack of appetite, uneasiness and not thirsty, or prefers warm beverages, urination is long and clear or short of urine. 大便氣腥臭，飲食減少，口中無味，不煩不渴，或喜熱飲，小便 清長或短少 | Stool is hard or constipated, or with foul smell, does not like to eat, dry mouth, thirsty and wants to drink, urine is short and dark. 大便或硬或秘，或有奇臭，惡食，口乾，煩渴引飲，小便短赤 |
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Palpation 切 | Stomach is painful and likes to be pressed, body and feet are cold, pulse is deep, thin, slow and weak. 腹痛喜按，身寒足冷，脈象沉微細澀弱遲無力 | Stomach is painful and dislikes being pressed, body and feet are warm, pulse is large, floating, fast, and slippery and strong. 腹痛拒按，身熱足暖，脈象浮洪數大滑實而有力 |
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| External 表 | Internal 裏 | Location of Illness | skin and hair, muscle and meridians 皮毛，肌肉，經脈 | zang fu, blood vessels, and bone marrow 五臟六腑，血脈，骨髓 |
| Cold Syndromes 寒證 | Hot Syndromes 熱證 |
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Warm and Cold Preferences 寒熱喜惡 | Prefers warm and dislikes cold 惡寒喜熱 | Prefers cold and dislikes warm 惡熱喜寒 | Thirst 口渴 | not thirsty 不渴 | thirsty and likes cold drink 渴喜冷飲 | color of face 面色 | pale 白 | red or pink 紅赤 | limbs 四肢 | cold 冷 | hot 熱 | feces 大便 | loose 稀溏 | rigid 秘結 | urine 小便 | light color and long duration 清長 | dark and short duration 短赤 | tongue 舌象 | pale and with white coating 舌淡，苔白潤 | red and with yellow coating 舌紅，苔黃 |
| Weak (deficient) Syndromes (xu zheng) 虛證 | Strong Syndromes (shi zheng) 實證 |
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length of illness 病程 | illness has been lasting for long duration 長(久病) | illness has been lasting for short duration 短(新病) | body type 體質 | weak 必虛弱 | strong 必粗壯 | energy 精神 | low and depressed 萎靡 | excited 興奮 | voice and breath 聲息 | low voice and weak breath 聲低 息微 | strong voice and strong breath 聲高息粗 | pain 疼痛 | likes being pressed 喜按 | does not like being pressed 拒按 | fullness in chest and abdomen 胸腹脹滿 | not painful when pressed. Fullness comes and goes. 按之不痛，脹滿時減 | painful when pressed. Fullness does not subside. 按之疼痛，脹滿不減 | temperature 發熱 | chest, palms and soles are uncomfortably warm. Feverish in the afternoon. 五心煩熱，午後微熱 | hot body 蒸蒸壯熱 | chill 惡寒 | chill sensation subsides when the body is covered or in a warm environment 得衣近火則解 | chill sensation does not subside when the body is covered or in a warm environment 添衣加被不減 | tongue phenomenon 舌象 | tongue has tender look. No fur or little fur. 質嫩，苔少或無苔 | tongue has aged look and fur is thick and has an oily look. 質老，苔厚膩 | pulse phenomenon 脈象 | weak 無力 | strong 有力 |
Heart and Small Intestine Channels Diagnostics 心與小腸病辨證 syndromes 證候 | Similarity 相同點 | differences 不同點 |
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heart qi deficient 心氣虛 | palpitation, heaviness in chest area and short of breath, especially after physical activities, and instant sweating. 心悸怔忡，胸悶氣短，活動後加重，自汗 | pale complexion, pale tongue with white fur, weak pulse 面色淡白，舌淡苔白，脈虛 | heart yang deficient 心陽虛 | cold limbs and dislikes coldness, angina pectoris, pale and dark complexion, fat and pale tongue with white and slippery fur, small and thin pulse. 畏寒肢冷，心痛，面色晃白或晦暗，舌淡胖苔白滑，脈微細 | heart yang (cardiac function) abruptly dropping 心陽暴脫 | sudden cold sweat, cold limbs, weak breathing, pale and green complexion, blue lips, dizzy or faint, bluish tongue, small and thin pulse as if expiring. 突然冷汗淋漓，四肢厥冷，呼吸微弱，面色蒼白， 口唇青紫，神志模糊或昏迷。舌質淡紫青滑，脈微細欲絕。 |
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