Continuation of Chapter Two
(d) THE DEVELOPMENT
OF BUDDHISM
A major group
of Buddhism were formed around the
middle of the third century:
Mahayana (meaning major vehicle)
The Mahayana group called the original Buddhist group
hinayana means "The Lesser Vehicle."
It is called by
its followers: Theravada,
"The way of the ancient." This
is more conservative
and closer to the original teaching
of Gautama. It spreads
over the most part of south and
southeastern Asia. Some
Mahayanists prefer to call the
Hinayanists' teachings
"Fundamental teachings" instead of
"The way of the ancient". Mahayana means "The Greater Vehicle." It spreads over northern India, Kashmir, central Asia, Korea, Japan and China---particularly Tibet.
This sect of
Buddhism is more adaptable to change and
to accommodate the needs
of different regions and of different
eras. It has been more acceptable than the Theravada
Buddhism. From the Mahayanists' point of view, Mahayana is designed to help the masses to attain enlightenment while the Theravada is designed to enlighten oneself.
It is said
that Buddhism was introduced into China
in the Han region (middle
plain region 中原)approximately
around third century B.C.
Tantric Buddhism was
introduced during the early fourth
century together with other exoteric scriptures.1.21
According to
the legend, around 520 A.D., Bodhidharma, a Hindu Buddhist monk
belonging to the Brahmin
caste, came to China via the sea.
He embarked at Canton
(Guangzhou) and traveled north to
the then capital of China
and had an audience with the
Emperor Wu Ti of Liang
dynasty. The Emperor was disappointed
that their viewpoints
differed. Bodhidharma eventually went to the Shaolin monastery in the Henan province where he
tried to
blend in and not call attention to himself. He
meditated for nine years facing
a stone wall and passed away. He was credited as the founder of the Chan
In the
eighth century, three Indian monks, Subhakarasimba
There
are eight major sects1.3 of Mahayana Buddhism
During
the third century, there was an important
The Buddhist
Tantra went through different stages of
1. Mantrayana
was developed during the third and fourth century. It enriched Buddhism by the appurtenances of magical tradition
2. Vajrayana
1.31 was developed during the middle of 3. Kalacakra was developed during the tenth century. Kalacakra emphasizes astrology and syncretism.
CHAPTER III
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TIBETAN RELIGIONS (a) SHAMANISM AND EARLY BUDDHISM OF TIBET
It is
not clear when Buddhism came to Tibet. According
The more
reliable version is that Buddhism was brought
Before
Buddhism was introduced, BÖn was the main (author of Dao De Jing). The ancestors of Lao Tze were knighted in the region of BÖn. BÖnism is a polytheistic religion. It was popular among the nobles.
According
to the legend, BÖn was founded thirteen
In BÖnism
there were three different worlds: the
Later,
a BÖn scholar named Pandita Shamthab Ngonpo
During the
later half of the eighth century, during the period
of King Trisung Detsan
(755-797) who was a devoted Buddhist, a BÖn scholar named Gyalwa Changchub translated
Buddhist
After Lang
Dharma seized power, he destroyed Buddhist
monasteries, slaughtered
monks and forced them to live secular
lives. BÖn became the
main religion of Tibet. Assassination
of Lang Dharma was being
planned. A monk who was well versed
in martial arts volunteered
to carry out the plan. His name
was Lhalung Paldor. He
rode a white horse painted with water
soluble black paint,
and wore a black cloak with white lining
and concealed a sword
under the cloak and a bow and arrows
During
the reign of Trisung Detsan, BÖn religion became When Buddhism was first introduced into Tibet, it encountered difficulties with the Nobles and the BÖn priests.
Around the
year of 775 A.D. king Trisung Detsan invited
two scholar monks from
the Han region to translate Buddhist
scriptures and to preach
Buddhist doctrines. He also invited
the then famous Tantric
monks Shantirakshita and Padma
Sambhava from Kashmir
and India (now Northern Pakistan) to
teach Buddhism to the
Tibetans.
According to
the legend, Padma Sambhava was born eight
years after the death
of Sakyamuni and was more than a
thousand years old 1.33
because of his training in Tantra.
As his name implies, he was
born in the shape of a lotus
blossom. Padma Sambhava
sympathized with the BÖn religion.
One of the assigned duties
of Padma Sambhava was to subdue
the demonic forces that
were obstructing the building of
the first Buddhist monastery
(Samye Monastery) in Tibet.
After subduing these
forces, he traveled throughout Tibet
subduing other local
demonic forces and preaching Buddhism
as well. Because of his
supernormal powers that he had developed from his tantric training, and through
the
introduction of the tantric
deities and magical forces,
Padma Sambhava was able
to appeal to the local shamanist
priests (Bonpos) and
their followers to accept tantric
Buddhism. He was successful in spreading Buddhism in Tibet. Part of the religious rituals, deities and religious theories of the BÖn religion were absorbed into the Tantric Buddhism. Today, Padma Sambhava is addressed in Tibet as Guru Rinpoche.
Before Tantric
(Esoteric) Buddhism came to Tibet, Ch'an
(Zen) Buddhism had been
in Tibet for many years. According
to Buddhist legend Ch'an
(Zen) Buddhism was introduced into
the
middle part of China
from India by an Indian monk Bodhidharma
around 520 A.D. After
absorbing local culture, including the
It also means "to weave," which
denotes action. Today, it still
Tantric Buddhism
is a sect of Buddhism that was well
developed by the third
century in India, before the development
of Hindu Tantra. The
difference between Hindu Tantra and Buddhist
Tantra lies in the perception
of divine powers (shakti). The
Hindu Tantra emphasizes
divine power, which is their focus of
interest, while the Buddhist
Tantra emphasizes wisdom (prajna). The Buddhist deems that the divine power (shakti) corrupts and
creates illusion and
only wisdom (prajna) can liberate it. Thus,
the Tantric Buddhists
try to use divine power and transform it
into prajna (wisdom)
so that it becomes one of the forces of
enlightenment.
Tantric Buddhism in
China (including Tibet) is also known as
Vajrayana Buddhism. (See
II (d) The Development of Buddhism).
The Tantric followers call themselves
the sons and younger brothers
of the Adamantine Vehicle.1.11
Tantric Buddhism consists
of two major schools: the Eastern
To learn
Tantra, one has to learn it from a qualified
teacher. Teaching is
carried on from mouth to ear. The Tantric
writings can only be
understood through a teacher. Tantra emphasizes
master and disciple (teacher-student)
relationships. The teacher
Because
of political struggles and wars, and because the
different groups emphasized
the different aspects of the Buddhist
doctrine, eventually
Tibetan Tantric was divided into four major
groups; namely the red
sect, the yellow sect, the white sect,
the variegated sect. (Some deem that there are
five major groups-----including the black sect.)
1. The
Red sect, (Red Cap) Nyingma was founded in the
During the eleventh century, it
started to build monasteries.
Compared
to other sects, the Nyingmapas are initiated
into the Tantras early
and spend little time on other sacred
studies.
Padma
Sambhava was credited to be master of this sect.
2. The
White sect, bKa-rgyud, which means "Order of oral
transmission." The name
is derived from the fact that the
teaching is passed on
orally by master to disciple. It is
very similar to the Red
sect in that it stresses tantric practice
and spends little time on Buddhist philosophy.
The White sect can be further
grouped into four different
a. Mrla-ras-pa
b. phag-mo-grll-pa
(Pagdru)
c. Karma-pa (Kama)
d. hBrug-pa
(Dug)
3. The
Yellow sect, (Yellow Cap) Gelug came from a reformed
version of the bKagdam
sect (Bromslon). The name Yellow
sect is the abbreviation
of "Yellow Cap sect." Its lamas
wear bright yellow colored headdresses.
The bKa-gdam
sect was one of the earliest sects of Tibet.
One of its principal Buddhist
writings is Atisa's work of
a. The lowest: seeking happiness in this world
, considering
only their own interest.
b. The second: seeking
happiness for their own but more
c. The third: having the salvation of all at heart.
The Yellow
sect was founded by Lopsang Drakpa, who is better
The Gelug
sect stresses discipline and learning. Often
Lamas of this sect are
expected to spend twenty years on sutra
and scholastic study before starting on the Tantras.
Dalai
Lama and Panchen Lama are from this sect.
4. The
Variegated sect, Sakya, is very similar to the Yellow sect.
(c) THE BLACK SECT
The Black
sect originally was the primitive BÖn religion
of Tibet.
Most
religious scholars do not classify BÖn religion as
one of the Buddhist sects.
BÖn later absorbed the teachings of Buddhism and mixed with the rituals of polytheism.
In Tibet,
the followers of Black BÖn usually do not
mingle with the followers
of other sects and do not marry
followers of other sects.
During
the period of the 13th Dalai Lama, an injunction was
issued to restrict the
activities of the BÖn religion. Now,
it is said that the 14th
Dalai Lama expressed that the BÖn
religion that had accepted Buddhism can be accommodated.2
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